New Flora of the British Isles by Clive Stace

Author:Clive Stace [Stace, Clive]
Language: eng
Format: azw3
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2010-03-31T16:00:00+00:00

FIG 603 - Fruits of Callitriche, lateral and basal views. 1, C. hermaphroditica. 2, C. truncata. 3, C. stagnalis. 4, C. obtusangula. 5, C. brutia ssp. hamulata. 6, C. brutia ssp. brutia. 7, C. platycarpa. 8, C. palustris. Courtesy of H.D. Schotsman.

The circumscription of the Scrophulariaceae has changed more than that of any other family as a result of molecular investigation, our representatives being now placed in four additional families (Paulowniaceae, Phrymaceae, Calceolariaceae and Veronicaceae), as well as the removal of the semi-parasitic Pedicularieae to the Orobanchaceae. In addition the Buddlejaceae are now amalgamated with the Scrophulariaceae sensu stricto.

Distinguished from Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae and Boraginaceae by the totally different ovary and fruit, but from other families with (usually) zygomorphic flowers and 2-celled ovary only by a complex combination of characters (see Family Key G).

1 Corolla with 4 lobes 6. BUDDLEJA

1 Corolla with 5 lobes 2

2 Fertile stamens 5, at least in most flowers 1. VERBASCUM

2 Fertile stamens 4, sometimes with a sterile staminode representing fifth 3

3 Leaves all in basal rosettes, linear to spathulate 5. LIMOSELLA

3 At least some leaves borne on stems 4

4 Corolla-tube scarcely longer than wide 2. SCROPHULARIA

4 Corolla-tube >2x as long as wide 5

5 Corolla >2cm, pendent; stamens well exserted 3. PHYGELIUS

5 Corolla <2cm, not pendent; stamens reaching apex of corolla-tube 4. SUTERA

Other genera – Spp. of NEMESIA Vent. (Nemesias), from S Africa, are commonly grown for ornament and rarely occur as casuals on tips, etc. They are branched annuals with variously coloured showy flowers with 4-lobed upper lip, large slightly bossed 2-lobed lower lip, and spurred or pouched tube. Thus there is considerable resemblance to Antirrhineae (Veronicaceae), but note different corolla lobing (see Family Key G, couplet 46). N. strumosa Benth., with pouched corolla-tube, is the most grown sp. For SCOPOLIA see Solanaceae.

1. VERBASCUM L. - Mulleins

Herbaceous biennials, less often annuals or perennials, with tall, erect, terete to ridged stems; leaves alternate; corolla yellow, purplish or white, with 5 ± equal lobes and short tube; stamens 5, rarely 4 in some flowers, all fertile, at least the upper 3 with very hairy filaments.

Hybrids arise frequently where 2 or more spp. occur together; they are usually highly but often not completely sterile. Characters may be as in 1 or other parent or intermediate. In hybrids between spp. with violet stamen-hairs and spp. with white stamen-hairs all the stamens may have all violet hairs, all have all pale violet hairs, all have mixed white and violet hairs, or the upper 3 have white and the lower 2 have violet hairs. Oblique-asymmetrical anthers of 1 parent may or may not appear in the hybrid. Hybrids between white-flowered V. lychnitis and yellow-flowered spp. are yellow-flowered. Combinations other than those listed often appear with the parents in gardens.

1 Anthers all reniform, symmetrical, placed transversely on filaments 2

1 Anthers of 3 upper stamens as above, of 2 lower stamens asymmetrical, placed obliquely or ± longitudinally on filaments and often ± decurrent on them 8

2 All hairs on filaments yellow or white 3

2

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